Seismic Activity in Libya: From Classical Times to The Present

Abstract

Although Libya is generally regarded as an area of relatively low seismic activity in terms of intensity and impact compared with other parts of the Mediterranean Basin, it has experienced several significant earthquakes throughout its history, including events with magnitudes greater than 5.0 on the Richter scale. One of the most notable is the earthquake of 19 April 1935, with an estimated magnitude of about 7.0, which is considered the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Libya and among the largest in Africa. This study seeks to compile and document seismic events in Libya using a wide range of sources, from ancient Roman and other historical records to data from modern national and international seismic monitoring centers, with the aim of establishing a comprehensive earthquake catalogue. Seismic activity in Libya is closely linked to its geological setting along the northern margin of the African continent, within the tectonic interaction zone between the African and Eurasian plates; as a result, the northern coastal region is particularly prone to tectonic activity. At present, our understanding of Libyan seismicity depends largely on modern instrumental records, while many historical earthquakes remain poorly documented. Investigating the historical seismic record is therefore essential for assessing future seismic hazards and improving our knowledge of the likely location, magnitude, and impacts of future earthquakes. In this context, the resulting earthquake catalogue can support earthquake risk reduction policies, inform the development of seismic design standards, strengthen preparedness for future hazardous events, and advance scientific understanding of seismic activity in Libya, North Africa, and the wider Mediterranean region.